Work Germany

Steps to obtain a work permit

 

 

Get a job offer: First, you need to get a job offer from a German employer.

 

 

Check visa requirements: If you are not an EU/EEA citizen, you will need a national visa type D to enter Germany. Citizens of some countries (e.g., USA, Canada, Australia) can apply for a work permit upon arrival in Germany.

 

 

Prepare the necessary documents:

 

- Two completed and signed visa applications.

 

- Two passport-sized photos.

 

- A valid passport.

 

- Proof of residency in the country where you are applying (e.g., driver’s license or utility bill).

 

- Health insurance (certificate from the German employer or travel insurance until employment begins).

 

- Employment contract or mandatory job offer with salary details and job description.

 

- Approval from the Federal Employment Agency (if required).

 

- Updated resume with academic qualifications and work experience.

 

- Proof of qualifications (diplomas, certificates).

 

- A personal cover letter stating the purpose and duration of stay.

 

- Police clearance certificate.

 

- Proof of payment for the visa fee (75 euros).

 

 

Schedule an interview at the consulate/embassy: Submit your visa application at the nearest German consulate or embassy, schedule an interview, and provide all the necessary documents.

 

 

Register at the place of residence: After arriving in Germany, you need to register at your place of residence at the local city administration within 14 days.

 

 

Apply for a residence permit: If you plan to stay in Germany for more than three months, apply for a residence permit at the local immigration office before your national visa expires.

 

 

Additional tips

 

Plan ahead: The process of obtaining a work permit can take from one to three months. Prepare all documents in advance to avoid delays.

 

Use employer assistance: Some employers can help you in the application process, including the preparation and submission of documents.

For European Union (EU) citizens

 

 

Visa-free regime and free movement: EU citizens, as well as citizens of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, can freely move and work in Germany without needing a visa or work permit. They only need to register at their place of residence within 3 months after arriving in Germany and obtain a tax identification number.

 

Social insurance and taxes: EU citizens are required to pay taxes and contributions to the German social insurance system, just like local residents. This includes health insurance, pension contributions, and unemployment insurance.

 

 

For non-European Union (non-EU) citizens

 

Visa and work permit: Citizens of non-EU countries must obtain a national visa type D and a work permit.

 

Opportunity card (Chancenkarte): Allows non-EU citizens to come to Germany for a year to look for work. To obtain the card, you need a higher education diploma or two years of vocational training and knowledge of the German language at level A1 or English at level B2.

 

Recognition of qualifications: Foreign qualifications must be recognized in Germany. The recognition process can take several months and depends on the specific profession. Recognition is necessary to obtain a work permit.

 

Health insurance: All workers in Germany must have health insurance. This can be either public insurance or private, depending on the income level. Proof of having health insurance is necessary to obtain a visa and work permit.

 

Social insurance and taxes: Non-EU citizens working in Germany are also required to pay taxes and contributions to the social insurance system.

Using online platforms

 

Universal job search sites: LinkedIn, Xing, StepStone, Glassdoor, Monster, Indeed.

 

Portals for students and graduates: Absolventa, JobTeaser, meinpraktikum.de.

 

Sites for startups: Gruenderszene, AngelList, BerlinStartupJobs.

 

 

 

Networking and social networks

 

Networking plays a significant role in job searching. Participate in conferences, meetups, and events related to your industry. Use social networks like LinkedIn and Xing to expand your professional connections. Join interest groups and follow companies you’d like to work for.

 

 

 

Contact recruitment agencies

 

Recruitment agencies can significantly simplify the job search, especially for highly qualified professionals. Some well-known agencies in Germany include Hays, Robert Half, Randstad, and Michael Page. These agencies have extensive contacts and can help you find a suitable vacancy.

 

 

 

Job searching through universities

 

Many universities in Germany have their job portals, where local companies post job offers for students and graduates.

 

 

 

Using local resources

 

Many cities and federal states in Germany have their own agencies that help local companies find suitable candidates, such as platforms Talent Berlin, JoYo Hamburg.

Language: For many vacancies in Germany, knowledge of the German language at B1 level or higher is required. This is especially important for working in local and mid-sized companies, as well as in fields related to public service, healthcare, and education.

 

In international companies and some startups, knowledge of the English language may also be sufficient. However, proficiency in German greatly increases employment opportunities and the possibility of career advancement.

 

 

 

Qualification: Your academic and professional qualifications must be recognized in Germany. This can be done through the Central Office for Foreign Education or by checking your qualifications in the Anabin database.

 

For highly qualified professionals, such as engineers, doctors, IT specialists, there is the option of obtaining an EU Blue Card, which simplifies the process of obtaining a work permit with higher education and a corresponding employment contract.

 

 

 

Work experience: For obtaining certain types of visas and work permits, proof of work experience is required. For example, for a Job Seeker Visa, at least five years of work experience in the relevant field is necessary.

Information Technology (IT)

 

The IT industry in Germany is experiencing rapid growth, especially in the areas of software development, cybersecurity, and data analysis. In 2022, there were about 137,000 vacancies registered in the IT sector. Key companies, such as SAP, Deutsche Telekom, and Lufthansa Systems, are actively seeking specialists in this field.

 

 

 

Engineering and manufacturing technologies

 

Engineering specialties remain among the most demanded. The most in-demand are mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, civil engineers, and robotics engineers. Germany holds leading positions in Europe in the development of industrial technologies and robotics.

 

 

 

Biotechnology and natural sciences

 

The biotechnology and natural sciences sector play a key role in the German economy. It includes pharmaceutical companies, medical research, and bioinformatics. In 2022, Germany’s biotechnology sector showed significant growth, attracting over 1 billion euros in venture capital.

 

 

 

Data science and analytics

 

Data science and analytics are becoming increasingly important in modern business processes. Companies in sectors such as finance, healthcare, and manufacturing are actively seeking specialists in data analysis and machine learning. Job vacancies for data analysts and business analysts continue to grow.

 

 

 

Healthcare and caregiving

 

The healthcare sector is experiencing high demand for medical personnel, including doctors, nurses, and elder care specialists. This is due to the increasing number of elderly people and the need for quality medical care.

 

 

 

Education and Social Work

 

Educational institutions and social services also require skilled professionals such as teachers, social workers, and kindergarten teachers. There is a constant demand for new personnel in these areas.

 

 

 

Manufacturing and Construction

 

The manufacturing and construction industries continue to develop, requiring skilled workers, engineers, and architects. Specialists in energy-efficient technologies and sustainable construction are particularly in demand.

 

 

 

Germany offers a wide range of employment opportunities in various sectors. The constant demand for skilled professionals makes the country attractive for migrants seeking stable and promising work. For successful employment, it is recommended to have the appropriate qualifications and knowledge of the German language, which significantly increases the chances of obtaining work in these in-demand sectors.

State Pension: Germany's state pension system is mandatory insurance to which contributions are made by both employees and employers.

 

Retirement Age: The current retirement age in Germany is 67 years, but it may vary depending on the year of birth. For those who have worked for at least 45 years, it is possible to retire at 63 without reduction in benefits.

 

Pension Points: The size of the pension depends on accumulated pension points, which are calculated based on income and work experience. The average monthly pension income is about 1,350 euros for those who have accumulated 45 years of service.

 

 

 

Corporate Pensions: Corporate pensions are additional pension provisions offered by employers. An employer can make contributions for the employee or the employee can use part of their salary for contributions to the pension fund.

 

Types of Corporate Pensions: There are several types of corporate pensions, including direct insurance, pension funds, and pension schemes.

 

Advantages: Corporate pensions provide tax benefits and additional contributions from the employer, making them an attractive option for pension savings.

 

 

 

Private Pensions: Private pension plans are voluntary and provide flexibility and additional opportunities for accumulating pension funds.

 

Riester-Rente: This plan is intended for individuals with low income and families with children. The state provides subsidies and tax benefits provided that the employee contributes a minimum of 4% of their annual income into the pension fund.

 

Rürup-Rente: Suitable for freelancers and the self-employed. Contributions to the Rürup pension are fully deductible from taxable income, making this plan attractive for high-income earners.

 

 

 

Features for Expats

 

Foreigners working in Germany are also required to make contributions to the state pension system and may receive a pension upon meeting certain conditions:

 

Minimum Service: To receive a pension, you must have worked in Germany for at least five years and made the corresponding contributions.

 

Portability of Pensions: If you have pension savings in other EU countries or in countries with which Germany has social security agreements, your contributions may be considered when calculating the German pension.

The main types of social insurance in Germany are:

 

 

 

Medical Insurance

 

Mandatory State Medical Insurance: About 85% of Germany's population is insured through the mandatory state medical insurance system. It covers a wide range of medical services, including doctor visits, hospitalization, prescription drugs, preventive services, and rehabilitation.

 

Private Medical Insurance: Private insurance is available for the self-employed, civil servants, and those with income above a certain threshold. Private insurance often offers a wider range of services and allows faster access to specialists.

 

 

 

Pension Insurance

 

State pension insurance is mandatory for all workers and provides for pension payments upon reaching retirement age, as well as in case of disability or loss of a breadwinner.

 

 

 

Unemployment Insurance

 

Protects workers in case of job loss, providing unemployment benefits and assistance in finding new work. Contributions amount to 2.6% of gross income, shared between the employer and the employee.

 

 

 

Accident Insurance

 

Mandatory insurance covering treatment and rehabilitation costs in case of work-related injuries and occupational diseases. Contributions are fully paid by the employer and depend on the risk level at the workplace.

 

 

 

Long-term Care Insurance

 

Covers the costs of long-term care for people who cannot manage daily activities on their own due to age, illness, or disability. Contributions are about 3.05% of income (3.4% for childless individuals), shared between the employee and the employer.

Dismissal

 

Notice periods:

 

For employees working less than two years, the notice period is four weeks till the 15th or the end of the month.

 

For employees with more than two years of service, the notice period increases with each year of work, up to a maximum of seven months after 20 years of service.

 

 

 

Protection against dismissal:

 

Pregnant women and those on parental leave are protected from dismissal.

 

Dismissal can be deemed illegal if the legal notice periods are not adhered to or if no valid reasons are provided.

 

 

 

Leave

 

Annual leave: Legally, a minimum of 20 working days of leave per year is established for those working a five-day week and 24 days for those working a six-day week. Many companies offer additional leave days, often up to 30 days per year.

 

 

 

Parental leave

 

Parents are entitled to up to three years of parental leave, which can be split into several periods until the child reaches eight years of age.

 

During parental leave, workers are protected from dismissal and can work part-time (up to 30 hours a week).

 

In Germany, fathers are entitled to take parental leave alongside mothers. Parental leave is available to both parents and can be shared between them in various ways. It can be taken sequentially or simultaneously, allowing both parents to actively participate in raising the child.

 

Parents can work part-time (up to 30 hours a week) during parental leave, allowing them to maintain income and stay connected with the workplace.

 

 

 

Maternity leave: Women are entitled to 14 weeks of maternity leave: six weeks before and eight weeks after childbirth. During this leave, women receive maternity benefits to compensate for lost income.

 

Paternity leave: Starting in 2024, a two-week paid paternity leave is introduced, provided to all fathers immediately after the birth of a child.

 

 

 

Public holidays

 

Germany has 13 nationwide public holidays, but their number and dates may vary by federal state. Major holidays include:

 

- New Year's Day (January 1st)

 

- Easter (March or April)

 

- Labor Day (May 1st)

 

- German Unity Day (October 3rd)

 

- Christmas (December 25-26)

 

Some states may also celebrate additional holidays, such as Pentecost and Reformation Day.

 

 

 

These rules and benefits ensure the protection of workers' rights in Germany, providing them with necessary resources for maintaining a work-life balance.

Main professional unions

 

German Trade Union Confederation: The largest union federation in Germany, representing millions of workers and employees; includes eight separate unions such as the service workers' union and the metal and textile workers union; coordinates member activities and negotiates with political parties and associations.

 

 

 

Ver.di: One of the largest unions in the world, encompassing workers in finance, civil service, logistics, trade, and media; protects workers' rights and negotiates for improved working conditions and wage increases.

 

 

 

IG Metall: The trade union for workers in the metallurgical, textile, and plastics industries; fights for higher wages, reduced working hours, and improved working conditions; one of the most influential trade unions in Germany.

 

 

 

dbb beamtenbund und tarifunion: An association of civil service and private sector unions; represents the interests of more than 1.27 million members; deals with tariff policy issues and improving working conditions for its members.

 

 

 

How Trade Unions Can Help

 

Negotiations and Collective Agreements: Trade unions conduct collective bargaining with employers to conclude agreements regarding working conditions, wages, working hours, and social guarantees.

 

 

 

Protection of Workers' Rights: Trade unions provide legal support and consultation to their members in cases of labor disputes, dismissals, and other workplace issues.

 

 

 

Education and Training: Trade unions organize educational programs, seminars, and training for their members, helping them develop professional skills and improve qualifications.

 

 

 

Social Protection: Trade unions actively participate in the development and improvement of social programs such as pension provision, health insurance, and unemployment support.

 

 

 

Joining a trade union in Germany can significantly improve working conditions and ensure the protection of workers' rights.

Germany provides entrepreneurs, including foreigners, with a stable and favorable environment for doing business. Here are the main steps and features to consider when starting a business in Germany.

 

Key Steps to Starting a Business

 

Choosing a Business Type

 

Sole Proprietorship: Suitable for small businesses with a single owner. The owner is fully responsible for debts and obligations.

 

Partnership: Created by two or more individuals. Responsibility and profit are shared among partners.

 

Limited Liability Company (LLC): A legal entity where founders are liable within the limits of their contribution. Requires a minimum share capital of 25,000 euros, with 12,500 euros to be paid upon registration.

 

Obtaining a Residence Permit for Entrepreneurs

 

Foreigners wishing to do business in Germany must obtain a residence permit for self-employment. This process can take up to three months.

 

Business Features

 

Tax Obligations: Businesses in Germany are required to pay various taxes, including income tax, trade tax, and VAT. It is important to fulfill tax obligations on time to avoid penalties.

 

Bureaucratic Processes: Germany is known for its complex bureaucratic system, which can be challenging for foreign entrepreneurs. Utilizing the services of tax consultants and business specialists can significantly simplify the process of opening and running a business.

 

Support and Subsidies: In Germany, there are various support programs for entrepreneurs, including grants and low-interest loans. Government agencies like Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI) provide information and support for foreign entrepreneurs.